Astronomical (Ritual) Days for (default) Auckland The dates and timings are for New Zealand. There are different methods and definition, on calculating the dates and times. So, one can follow what he/she likes or comfortable with. January 2024 1 Jan Mon: Sobakirathu Dhanur Varsha ritu - Panchami till 21:58 Magha till 16:06 7 Jan Sun: Ekadasi(K) from 8:11 till 8 Jan 8:16 9 Jan Tue: Pradosham Thryodasi(K) 07:28 to 29:54 11 Jan Thu: Ammavasya till 24:57 Sobakirathu year - Dhanur Varsha ritu - Poorvashada - Ammavasya- Guru varam 15 Jan Mon: Thai-Makara Sankranti 10:24 Sathabhisha Chathurthi(S) 16 Jan Tue: Skandha Sashti(S) from 9:46 Poorvabhadrapada 17 Jan Wed: Skandha Sashti(S) till 7:27 Utharabhadrapada 21 Jan Sun: Ekadasi(S) from 2:56 to 26:56 23 Jan Tue: Pradosham Mirugasirsham/Ardra Thryodasi(S) 03:21 to 28:09 25 Jan Thu: Paurnami till 30:54 26 Jan Fri: Paurnami Pushya Nakshatra Thaipusam February 2024 1 Feb Thu: Thai Makara month - Sashti(K) till 21:33 Hasta till 08:38 AM 6 Feb Tue: Ekadasi(K) till 23:37 7 Feb Wed: Pradosham Thryodasi(K) from 21:32 8 Feb Thu: Pradosham Thryodasi(K) till 18:47 9 Feb Fri: Ammavasya from 15:32 10 Feb Sat: Ammavasya till 11:59 Sobakirathu year - Makara Varsha ritu - Dhanishta - Ammavasya- Sthira varam 13 Feb Tue: Kumbha Sankranti 23:24 PM 14 Feb Wed: Sashti(S) from 19:39 15 Feb Thu: Skandha Sashti(S) till 17:42 Aswinee 19 Feb Mon: Ekadasi(S) from 16:19 20 Feb Tue: Ekadasi(S) till 17:25 21 Feb Wed: Pradosham Thryodasi(S) from 18:57 22 Feb Thu: Pradosham Thryodasi(S) till 20:51 24 Feb Sat: Paurnami till 25:30 Maga Nakshatram March 2024 1 Mar Fri: Maasi 17 - Panchami(K) till 13:52 PM Swati till 20:18 PM 6 Mar Wed: Ekadasi(K) from 14:00 7 Mar Thu: Ekadasi(K) till 11:44 AM 8 Mar Fri: Pradosham Thryodasi(K) 08:49 to 29:27 9 Mar Sat: Sathabhisha from 15:25 Chathurdasi(K) Maha Shivaratri 10 Mar Sun: Ammavasya till 22:00 Sobakirathu year - Kumbha Sharad ritu - Shatabhisha/Poorvabhadrapada - Ammavasya- Ravi varam 14 Mar Thu: Panguni-Meena Sankranti 20:16 15 Mar Fri: Skandha Sashti(S) from 9:46 to 29:39 20 Mar Wed: Equinox 16:06 22 Mar Fri: Pradosham Thryodasi(S) from 12:14 24 Mar Sun: Holika Dahan Chathurdasi(S) till 17:25 25 Mar Mon: Holi Paurnami till 20:00 April 2024 1 Apr Mon: Panguni - Moola till 30:42 Sapthami(K) from 05:01 5 Apr Fri: Ekadasi(K) till 20:58 6 Apr Sat: Pradosham from 17:49 7 Apr Sun: Thryodasi(K) till 13:24. Daylight saving ends at 3am 8 Apr Mon: Ammavasya from 09:51 to 30:20 Sobakirathu year - Meena Sharad ritu - Utharabhadrapada - Ammavasya- Soma varam 9 Apr Tue: Ugadi / Gudi Padwa / Telugu New Year Rewati Pradamai(S) 13 Apr Sat: Skandha Sashti(S) from 18:34 Rohinee ***New Year*** - Kurothi Varsham 14 Apr Sun: Chitirai-Mesha Sankranti 03:45 AM 17 Apr Wed: Ramanavami Pushya till 11:46 Navami(S) till 21:44 21 Apr Sun: Pradosham Uthraphalguni and Thryodasi(S) whole day 23 Apr Tue: Chitraa Paurnami from 09:56 24 Apr Wed: Paurnami till 11:48 May 2024 1 May Wed: Chitirai 18 - Uttara Ashadha/Sravana Saptami/Aashtami(K) 4 May Sat: Ekadasi(K) 6 May Mon: Pradosham Thryodasi(K) till 21:10 PM 8 May Wed: Ammavasya 15:21 Kurothi year - Mesha Hemant ritu - Apabarani - Ammavasya- Sowmya varam 10 May Fri: Akshaya Tritiya(S) from 10:48 AM Rohinee 13 May Mon: Skandha Sashti(S) from 8:33 Punarvasu 15 May Wed: Vaikasi-Vrishabha Sankranti 00:34 Aslesha Sapthami/Ashtami(S) 21 May Tue: Pradosham Thryodasi(S) till 24:09 23 May Thu: Buddha Purnima Vishaka/Anuradha Paurnama 25:53 June 2024 1 Jun Sat: Vaikasi 18 - Purva Bhadrapada/Utharabhadrapada Navami/Dashami(K) 4 Jun Tue: Pradosham Thryodasi(K) Apabarani 6 Jun Thu: Ammavasya 24:37 Kurothi year - Vrishaba month 22.7 - Rohinee - Ammavasya- Guru varam 12 Jun Wed: Skandha Sashti(S) 15 Jun Sat: Aani-Mithuna Sankranti 07:08 Uthraphalguni/Hasta Navami(S) 19 Jun Wed: Pradosham Thryodasi(S) Vishakha 21 Jun Fri: Solstice 08:50 Paurnami from 14:02 PM 22 Jun Sat: Paurnami till 13:07 July 2024 1 Jul Mon: Aani 17 - Dasami(K) Asvini/Apabarani 2 Jul Tue: Ekadasi(K) till 15:12 PM 3 Jul Wed: Pradosham Thryodasi(K) from 13:40 PM 6 Jul Sat: Ammavasya till 10:57 (from 5 Jul 11:28 AM) Kurothi year - Mithuna Shishir ritu - Punarvasu - Ammavasya - Sthira varam 11 Jul Thu: Skandha Sashti(S) from 16:33 till 12 Jul 19:03 PM 16 Jul Tue: Aadi-Karka Sankranti 17:59 Vishakha Dasami(S) 17 Jul Wed: Ekadasi(S) 19 Jul Fri: Pradosham Thryodasi(S) from 13:58 21 Jul Sun: Guru Purnima Paurnami 22:17 Uthrashada 31 Jul Wed: Ekadasi(K) 11: 6 August 2024 1 Aug Thu: Aadi 16 Mirugasirsha/Ardra Tuvadasi/Trayodashi(K) 2 Aug Fri: Pradosham Thryodasi(K) till 21:57 4 Aug Sun: Ammavasya 23:13 Kurothi year - Karka month Shishir ritu - Pushya till 19:56 - Ammavasya- Ravi varam 9 Aug Fri: Nag Panchami Hastha Hastham Panchami(S) 10 Aug Sat: Chitraa Skandha Sashti(S) from 9:44 to 11 Aug 12:15 16 Aug Fri: Varalakshmi Vrat Kurothi year - Karka month Shishir ritu - Moola - Ekadasi(S)- Sukra varam 17 Aug Sat: Aavani-Simha Sankranti 02:24 Pradosham Thryodasi(S) from 14:36 Uthrashada 19 Aug Mon: Raksha Bandhan Upakarma Paurnami 30:25 Kurothi year - Simha month Shishir ritu - Sravana till 14:40 - purnima adter 09:35- Soma varam 26 Aug Mon: Krishna Janmashtami Krittikaa till 22:25 Aashtami(K) after 10:09 31 Aug Sat: Pradosham Thryodasi(K) from 08:55 Pushya September 2024 1 Sep Sun: Aavani 16 - Thryodasi/Chaturdashi(K) Ashlesha 3 Sep Tue: Ammavasya till 13:55 Kurothi year - Simha month Vasant ritu - Poorvaphalguni after 06:50 - Mangala varam 7 Sep Sat: Ganesh Chaturthi Kurothi year - Simha month Vasant ritu - Chitraa - Chathurthi(S)- Sthira varam 9 Sep Mon: Skandha Sashti(S) from 2:28 Vishakha 14 Sep Sat: Ekadasi(S) from 05:00 16 Sep Mon: Pradosham Thryodasi(S) till 21:40 Dhanishta 17 Sep Tue: Onam Purratasi-Kanya Sankranti 02:23 Sathabhisha Chathurdasi(S) 18 Sep Wed: Paurnami 14:34 29 Sep Sun: Daylight saving starts at 2am 30 Sep Mon: Pradosham Thryodasi(K) from 12:17 October 2024 1 Oct Tue: Purratasi 15 - Poorvaphalguni Chathurdasi(K) 2 Oct Wed: Mahalaya Amavasya Kurothi year - Kanya month Vasant ritu - Uthraphalguni - Ammavasya till 31:49- Sowmya varam 3 Oct Thu: Navaratri begins Hastha Pradamai(S) 11 Oct Fri: Durga Aashtami(S) till 19:37 Poorvashada till 13:11 12 Oct Sat: Maha Navami Navami(S) 18:28 Uthrashada till 12:55 13 Oct Sun: Vijaya Dasami(S) till 16:39 Shravana 14 Oct Mon: Ekadasi(S) till 14:11 Dhanishta till 10:21 15 Oct Tue: Pradosham Thryodasi(S) after 11:12 Poorvabhadrapada after 08:12 17 Oct Thu: Aiypasi-Tula Sankranti 15:22 Purnima after 04:10 Revathi valmiki jayanthi 20 Oct Sun: karwa Chauth - Krittikaa till 16:01 Thiruthiyai(K) till 14:16 29 Oct Tue: Pradosham Tuvadasi(K) after 18:02 Uthraphalguni 30 Oct Wed: Pradosham Thryodasi(K) till 20:45 Hastha November 2024 1 Nov Fri: Diwali laxmi Pooja - Kurothi year - Tula month Grishma ritu - Swathi - Ammavasya till 25:47 - Sukra varam 7 Nov Thu: Sashti(S) from 8:11 to 8 Nov 8:04 Uthrashada 13 Nov Wed: Pradosham Thryodasi(S) after 20:31 14 Nov Thu: Pradosham Thryodasi(S) till 17:13 Aswinee 16 Nov Sat: Kaarthigai-Vrishchika Sankranti 15:11 Paurnami till 10:28 Krithika 27 Nov Wed: Ekadasi(K) till 11:17 Hastha till 12:04 28 Nov Thu: Pradosham Thryodasi(K) from 13:53 Chitraa till 15:06 December 2024 1 Dec Sun: Kurothi year - Vrischika month 16.1 - Anuradha till 21:53 - Ammavasya till 19:21 - Ravi varam 6 Dec Fri: Sashti(S) from 19:37 Sravana from 12:56 7 Dec Sat: Sashti(S) till 18:35 Dhanishta from 12:48 11 Dec Wed: Geeta Jayanti Ekadasi(S) from 11:13 Rewati 13 Dec Fri: Pradosham Thryodasi(S) from 5:56 Apabarani/Krithika 15 Dec Sun: Paurnami 22:01 Rohinee 16 Dec Mon: Maargazhi-Dhanu Sankranti 05:49 Mrigaseeroo till 09:50 Pradamai(K) till 19:57 17 Dec Tue: Ardra Thiruvadirai from 09:50 21 Dec Sat: Solstice 22:20 26 Dec Thu: Ekadasi(K) after 05:59 Swati 28 Dec Sat: Pradosham Thryodasi(K) from 9:56 Anuradha 30 Dec Mon: Ammavasya Kurothi year - Dhanur month Varsha ritu - Moola- Soma varam - Ammavasya from 11:31 31 Dec Tue: Poorvashada - Mangala varam - Ammavasya till 11:26 January 2025 1st Jan Wed: Noon 2025CE is 739,254 days Common Era 711,049 days Saka Era (78CE) 1,872,212 kaliyug days (3102 BCE) 2,460,677 Julian Day No 5 Jan Sun: Sashti(S) vradham 7 Jan Tue: Aashtami(S) 10 Jan Fri: Krittikaa Karthikai: 45 Ekadasi(S) 11: 57 11 Jan Sat: Pradosham 12 Jan Sun: Maargazhi 28 - Mrigaseeroo Mirugasirsham: 42 Thryodasi(S) 13: 60 13 Jan Mon: Maargazhi 29 - Ardra Thiruvadirai: 41 Chathurdasi(S) 14: 61 14 Jan Tue: Thai or Makara sankranthi Paurnami Full Moon: 63 15 Jan Wed: Kanu or Mattu Pongal 20 Jan Mon: Hastha Hastham: 33 Sashti(K) 6: 71 25 Jan Sat: Jyeshta Kettai: 27 Ekadasi(K) 27 Jan Mon: Pradosham Thryodasi(K) 29 Jan Wed: Thai Ammavasya New Moon February 2025 3 Feb Mon: Sashti(S) 5 Feb Wed: Ratha Sapthami(S) 7: 92 6 Feb Thu: Karthikai: 13 Aashtami(S) 8: 93 7 Feb Fri: Thai 24 - Rohinee Rohini: 12 Navami(S) 9: 95 8 Feb Sat: Thai 25 - Mrigaseeroo Mirugasirsham: 11 Dasami(S) 10: 96 9 Feb Sun: Thai 26 - Ardra Thiruvadirai: 9 Ekadasi(S) 11: 98 10 Feb Mon: Pradosham 11 Feb Tue: Thai Poosam 12 Feb Wed: Paurnami Full Moon: 13 Feb Thu: Maasi 1 25 Feb Tue: Pradosham Thryodasi(K) 28 Feb Fri: mmavasya New Moon March 2025 5 Mar Wed: Karthikai Sashti(S) 7 Mar Fri: Aashtami(S) 11 Mar Tue: Pradosham Thryodasi(S) 13: 42 13 Mar Thu: Maasi Magam 14 Mar Fri: Paurnami Full Moon: 27 Mar Thu: Pradosham Thryodasi(K) 29 Mar Sat: Ammavasya New Moon April 2025 1 Apr Tue: Karthikai: 3 Apr Thu: Sashti(S) 6 Apr Sun: Rama Navami(S) 9: 82 10 Apr Thu: Pradosham Thryodasi(S) 11 Apr Fri: Panguni Uttaram 13 Apr Sun: Chitraa Paurnami Full Moon 14 Apr Mon: Chitirai 1 - Mesham 18 Apr Fri: good friday 25 Apr Fri: Pradosham Thryodasi(K) 28 Apr Mon: Ammavasya New Moon 29 Apr Tue: Karthikai 30 Apr Wed: Akshaya Thiruthiyai(S) Other Similar web sites: (1) www.drikpanchang.com (2) www.tamilpanchangam.org (3) www.prokerala.com/astrology/tamil-panchangam (4) www.himalayanacademy.com Many more web sites on this. There are also many books on Indian astronomy and like: (1) Indian Astronomy: An Introduction - S. Balachandra Rao (2) Indian Astronomy - A Sourcebook - B.V.Subbarayappa ... (3) Pre - Siddhantic Indian Astronomy by K.D. Abhyankar (4) Sûrya-Siddhânta: A Text-book of Hindu Astronomy (5) THE INDIAN CALENDAR Paperback - Robert Sewell (6) HINDU ASTRONOMY and Calendars of India by Exotic India Art (7) Indian Mathematics and Astronomy books by S. Balachandra Rao

Date Month: January February March April May June July August September October November December Year(BCE -) Latitude (North +ve) Longitude (East of UT +ve) Clock Time (24 hrs) HR: MIN: Time Zone UTC +12 New Zealand UTC +14 Samoa UTC +13:45 Chatham Islands NZ UTC +13 New Zealand summer UTC +12 New Zealand UTC +11 Australia and AEDT Melbourne UTC +10:30 Australia ACDT Adelaide UTC +10 Australia UTC +9:30 Northern Territory/Australia UTC +9 Japan, South Korea UTC +8:45 Western Australia UTC +8:30 North Korea UTC +8 China, Malaysia, Singapore UTC +7 Indonesia, Thailand UTC +6:30 Myanmar UTC +6 Bangladesh UTC +5:45 Nepal UTC +5:30 India, Sri Lanka UTC +5 Pakistan UTC +4:30 Afghanistan UTC +4 Azerbaijan, Dubai UTC +3:30 Iran UTC +3 Moscow/Russia UTC +2 Greece UTC +1 Germany UTC +0 United Kingdom UTC -1 Cabo Verde UTC -2 Brazil UTC -3 Argentina Brazil UTC -3:30 Canada UTC -4 Canada UTC -5 regions of USA EST UTC -6 regions of USA CST UTC -7 some regions of USA UTC -8 regions of USA PST UTC -9 Alaska/USA UTC -9:30 Marquesas Islands/Polynesia UTC -10 Honolulu UTC -11 American Samoa UTC -12 US Outlying Islands Julian day No: Can Change JD also to recalculate Below gives no of days from reference date which you can change Days from: Month Year Julian day No. (used by astronomers) gives number of days from noon on Monday, 1st January of year 4713 BCE. It can take negative values and independent of calendar system. Above are based on average speed of planets over million years. Based on center of sun/moon/planets. Some use sun/moon disc appearance as start of events. Definitions widely vary. Light takes time to reach earth and also refraction/parallex error corrections. Will be variations among different systems in presenting final data. Auckland is at: Latitude: 36° 50' 54" South (-36.848°) Longitude: 174° 45' 48" East (174.763°) Magnetic Declination: +20° 6' (or 20.1°). Declination is POSITIVE (EAST). Declination is the difference in horizontal angle between magnetic North and true North. Panchangams are Lunisolar based calendar and need positions of the Sun and the Moon to calculate parameters such as e.g. Tithi, Nakshatra, Yoga, Karana and weekday. The day starts with sunrise. 11th day after Newmoon or fullmoon ekadasi. 13th day is Pradoshm or thrayodasi, followed by Shivaratri on 14th. Panchangam and almanac makers, also known as Panchangam Karta, use different methods to get stars's positions. Old methods which were quite handy to give correct positions of stars without doing lengthy calculations. Old calculations were written in form of statements or Vakya for easy memorization and understanding. These old methods have not been updated since centuries and star positions calculated by these methods might vary. Now many uses latest algorithms to get position of stars or use ephemeris published by astronomical observatories. Other Panchang programs (1) Panchangam program for any month and year (2) Bio Rhythm Program (3) Fun with numerology (4) Planet position demo (5) Some info on horoscopes Days of week: Ravi/Banu, Soma/Indu, Mangala/Bauma, Budha/Sowmya, Guru, Sukra/Brugu, Shani/Sthira Rasi (Month) - Nakshatras: 1 Mesham: Aswinee, Apabarani, Krittikaa(1) 2 Vrishabam: Krittika(2,3,4), Rohinee, Mirugasirsha(1,2) 3 Mithunam: Mirugasirsham(3,4), Ardra, Punarvasu(1,2,3) 4 Karkata: Punarvasu(4), Pushya, Aslesha 5 Simham: Makha, Poorvaphalguni, Uthraphalguni(1) 6 Kanya: Uthraphalguni(2,3,4), Hastha, Chitra(1,2) 7 Tula: Chitra(3,4), Swathi, Vishakha(1,2,3) 8 Vrischikam: Vishakha(4), Anuradha, Jyeshta 9 Dhanur: Moola, Purvashada, Uthrashada(1) 10 Makaram: Uthrashada(2,3,4), Sravana, Dhanishta(1,2) 11 Kumbham: Dhanishta(3,4), Sathabhisha, Purvabhadrapada(1,2,3) 12 Meenam: Purvabhadrapada(4), Utharabhadrapada, Rewati Tithi or thithi is a lunar day, or the time it takes for the longitudinal angle between the Moon and the Sun to increase by 12°. Varies in duration approximately a day. They are: (1) Pratipada (2) Dwitiya (3) Tritiya (4) Chaturthi (5) Panchami (6) Shashthi (7) Saptami (8) Ashtami (Half Moon) (9) Navami (10) Dashami (11) Ekadasi (12) Dwadashi (13) Trayodashi (14) Chaturdashi (15) Ammavasya (New Moon) if krishna பக்ஷெ or Purnima (Full Moon) if sukla பக்ஷெ Sankalpam during rituals is to say purpose, place and time சுபே சோபனே முஹூர்த்தே Puranic time line: ஆத்ய ப்ரஹ்மண: த்விதீய பரார்த்தே ச்வேதவராஹ கல்பே வைவஸ்வத மன்வந்தரே அஷ்டாவிம்சதி தமே கலியுகே ப்ரதமே பாதே, Location: For auckland - shaka த்வீபே shantha வர்ஷெ venmegha தெஷெ auckland க்ராமெ (For India: ஜம்பூத்வீபே பாரத வர்ஷே பரதகண்டேமேரோ: தக்ஷிணே பார்ச்வே town etc) (Fill in for others: ... த்வீபே ... வர்ஷெ ... தெஷெ ... க்ராமெ) Saka era 60 years Luni-solar calendar: ஷாலிவாஹன ஷகாப்தே அஸ்மின் வர்த்தமானே வ்யாவ ஹாரிகே ப்ரபவாதே ஷஷ்டி ஸம்வத்ஸராணாம் மத்யே (year name) நாம ஸம்வத்ஸரே (உத்தராயணெ/தக்ஷிணாயணெ) (season) ருதௌ (month) மாஸெ (star) நக்ஷத்ரயுக்தாயாம் (day) வாஸரயுக்தாயாம் (shukla/krishna) பக்க்ஷெ (tithi) புண்யதிதௌ. Earth (land mass) with curvature looks like the back of a Turtle which, is a good representation of the slowly sliding Earth plates. Scriptures (Varaha, may be an ancient geographer) classified earth land mass (bhudevi) into seven dvipas and further sub-divided into the varshas or kingdoms, surrounded by seven seas, after deluge or ice age. Different scholars define regions or dvipa differently. Below is as per ancient Tamil literature and south asian trade notes. Seven regions or dvipa: (1) Jambu dvipa (North, Central and Southern Asia - southern part is bharat); (2) Plaksa dvipa (Mediterranean - some include north africa); (3) Saimali dvipa (East Africa - some include west Africa also); (4) Kusa dvipa (Middle east); (5) Kraunca dvipa (Europe, some include America); (6) Saka dvipa (South east asia, australasia); (7) Puskara dvipa (East Asia and northern pacific islands, some include America); SriVijaya dynasty, one of the largest south asian empire, calls their island/land swarnadvipa. *dvipa meaning island or region or continent and most of them were named after a sacred tree , that was said to grow there. *Bharatvarsha means land of the Bharata. Bharatakande refers to the territory ruled by Emperor Bharata. சுபே (right activity/deeds?) சோபனே (well being?) Good or right deeds at right place and time, will bring peace, prosperity and well being. All these are mere formality to tell that you are sitting at a particular place and time, while doing certain activity (pooja). Some Siddhantic system states that Mt Meru resides at the centre of globe and meridian line around 81 deg longitude. Latitude and longitude of three holy mountain peaks. Mount Kailash (6,638 m) 31.0675° N, 81.3119° E Om Parvat (5,590 m) 30.1988° N, 81.0310° E Adi Kailash (5,945 m) 30.3188° N, 80.6328° E For more on Geography/dvipas Like all cultures, geography has been developed with their land in the centre. Most of the names can be found in stories and travel/trade notes, after Mauryas. (many stories/reports less than 2000 years old). Two systems: tropical and sidereal The tropical zodiac is entirely sun-based and based on the ecliptic orbit of earth rotation around sun. The sidereal zodiac or astronomical system, is based upon the position of the sun and grahas (as seen from earth) in relation to the star constellations as they appear in the night sky (measured in the early morning when the sun rises). Seasons (Rithu) based on Shaka or Solar tropical calendar Shaka calendar starting 78 CE, is based on equinox/solstice. It is Solar tropical calendar, like Gregarian. Seasons are based on equinox/solstice and it will not change with earths precision. So 6 seasons for Northern and southern hemisphere, as per Shaka calendar. Saka Months Southern Northern Chaitra (Mar 22/21*–Apr 20) Sharad Ritu Vasant Ritu Vaishakha (Apr 21-May 21) Hemant Ritu Grishma Ritu Jyeshtha (May 22-Jun 21) Hemant Ritu Grishma Ritu Ashadha (Jun 22- Jul 22) Shishir Ritu Varsha Ritu Shravana (Jul 23-Aug 22) Shishir Ritu Varsha Ritu Bhadrapada (Aug 23-Sep 22) Vasant Ritu Sharad Ritu Ashwin (Sep 23-Oct 22) Vasant Ritu Sharad Ritu Kartika (Oct 23-Nov 21) Grishma Ritu Hemant Ritu Agrahayana/Margshirsh (Nov 22-Dec 21) Grishma Ritu Hemant Ritu Pausha (Dec 22-Jan 20) Varsha Ritu Shishir Ritu Magha (Jan 21-Feb 19) Varsha Ritu Shishir Ritu Phalguna (Feb 20-Mar 21/20*) Sharad Ritu Vasant Ritu *During leap year 6 NZ Seasons (Rithu ருதௌ) based on rasis (solar sidereal) Below is based on rasis or solar months, applicable for southern hemisphere. Rasi start angle, 12 Rasis, Solar, lunar or vedic month names: Autumn, Sharath, குளிர்: (1) 0°: Aries (Mesha சித்திரை, Chaitra, Madhu) (2) 30°: Taurus (Vrishabha வைகாசி, Vaisakha, Madhava) Early winter, Hemanta, முன்பனி: (3) 60°: Gemini (Mithuna ஆனி, Jyeshtha, Sukra) (4) 90°: Cancer (Karkata ஆடி, Ashadha, Suchi) Late Winter, Sishira, பின்பனி: (5) 120°: Leo (Simha ஆவணி, Shravana, Nabhas) (6) 150°: Virgo (Kanya புரட்டாசி, Bhadrapada, Nabhasya) Spring, Vasanta, இளவேனில்: (7) 180°: Libra (Tula ஐப்பசி, Ashvina, Isa) (8) 210°: Scorpio (Vrischika கார்த்திகை, Kartika, Urja) Summer, Grishma, முதுவேனில்: (9) 240°: Sagittarius (Dhanur மார்கழி, Margasirsha/Agahana, Sahas) (10) 270°: Capricorn (Makara தை, Pausha, Sahasya) Rainy, Varsha, கார்: (11) 300°: Aquarius (Kumbha மாசி, Magha, Tapas) (12) 330°: Pisces (Meena பங்குனி, Phalguna, Tapasya) New Zealand's four Seasons with Starting Date (approximate) (1) Summer: 22 December Solstice (2) Autumn: 22 March Equinox (3) Winter: 22 June Solstice (4) Spring: 22 September Equinox Uttarayan - Dakshinayan Uttarayan is derived from: "uttara" (North) and "ayana" (movement) thus indicating a the northward movement of Sun, which occurs around 22 December Solstice (winter solstice for northern hemisphere) and continues for a six-month period through to the summer solstice around June 21. Dakshinayana is around from June 22 to December 21. Some use Uttarayana as the period between Makara and Karka Sankranti. Dakshinayana is between Karka and Makara Sankranti Time: 1 Praana = 4 seconds 1 Vinadi = 6 Praanas = 24 seconds 1 Ghatika (nazhi) = 60 Vinadis = 360 Praanas = 24 minutes 1 Muhurtha = 2 Ghatikas = 48 minutes 1 day = 60 Ghatikas = 3600 Vinadis = 21600 Praanas One year made up of 6 seasons of 60 days or 360 days. Extra days were treated as divine days. Later changed to months based on Sun movement along 12 zodiac signs, a month being a period to cross each zodiac. Two months account for one season. There are 30 Muhurthas in an entire day. These 30 Muhurtha are further divided into 15 Muhurtha from sunrise to sunset and 15 Muhurats from sunset to the next day’s sunrise. Abhijit Muhurtha is the middle portion of the 15 Muhurtha. Day starts from sunrise and ends in the next day’s sunrise. Calendars All Calendars are broadly of three types: (1) Solar calendar (saura maana) based on: (a) seasonal (equinox) and (b) Sun transit along zodiac (in elliptic) (2) Lunar calendar (chaandra maana) based on: (a) phases (waxing, waning, tithi or thyathi). Lunar month is marked from Purnima to Purnima (Purnimanta method) or from Amavasya to Amavasya (Amanta method). Synodic month is 29.5306 days and (b) Moon transit along zodiac (in elliptic) with reference to 27 or 28 constellations or stars. Nakshatra or star-clusters or constellations, which lie along the ecliptic, or path of the sun/moon. An individual's nakshatra, or birth star, is the constellation, to which moon was aligned at the time of birth. sidereal month 27.321661 days (3) Indian systems uses mixing both in different combination. So there are many lunisolar calendar systems in use. A Solar year is the time taken by Sun in its passage from one equinoctical point back to same point = 365.242 days. A sidereal year is time taken for Sun to move from one star, and then come back to same star which is 365.256 days. Solar year is shorter than sidereal year by about 19 minutes and 50 seconds and is said to be caused by inertial effects. It is called Earth's Precession. A Lunar year is made up of 12 lunar months and an extra month added periodically to account for extra days. Moon represents our thought or mind, whereas Sun signifies our action (body). Samvatsara or Year Indian National Calendar is based on Saka era, founded by King Shalivahana of the Shatavahana dynasty 22 March Equinox on 78CE. From 664 BCE to 291 CE, Aswin (Beta Arietis) was the raising star during March Equinox. From 1245 CE to 2200 CE, Uttarattadhi (Gama Pegasi) was the raising star during March Equinox. Kalacakra calendar in use, 60 year cycle starting with Prabhava, is by Pandita Somanatha of Kashmir/Himalayas, in 367 CE. Vernal equinox of 367 CE is Prabava Varsham. The earth's axis wobble that causes the precession of the equinoxes is approximately 25,920 years or 432 sixty year cycles. (72 years per degree or 960 years per star. Current estimate by astronomers is 25,772 years or 71.5888 years per degree or 954.5185 years per star) Yugadi (start of Yuga or new age) is the New Year's Day. Yugadi or Ugadi falls on the first day of the bright half of the luni solar month of Chaitra. Tamil new year is on Mesha sankranthi, when sun enters Mesha rasi (0 deg or aswini nakshatra) Samvatsara means any year. Like solar year, there is also Jovian year, based on the relative position of the planet Jupiter in 12 rasis. The solar year is called varsha. Surya Siddhanta calculates the Jovian year to be about 361.0267 days, shorter than the Earth-based solar year. Chandranath introduced lunisolar calendar and cycle of 60 years in Tibet and China. The Chinese 12-year cycle based on 12 animals is an approximation to the orbital period of Jupiter: Rat; Ox; Tiger; Rabbit; Dragon; Snake; Horse; Goat; Monkey; Rooster; Dog; and Pig. 12 is divisible by two, every zodiac sign can occur only as either Yin or Yang. The Tibetan calendar also counts years using a 60-year cycle based on 12 animals and 5 elements — Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, and Water. Presiding Deity and Year name for different Years Each year has been given a name. Once all 60 samvatsaras are over, the cycle starts over again. Each year has a Presiding Deity. 1927 1987 ப்ரஹ்மாணம் ப்ரபவம் 1928 1988 விஷ்ணும் விபவம் 1929 1989 ருத்ரம் சுக்லம் 1930 1990 கணேசம் ப்ரமோதூத 1931 1991 ஷக்திம் ப்ரஜாபதிம் 1932 1992 குமாரம் அங்கிரசம் 1933 1993 வல்லீம் ஸ்ரிமுகம் 1934 1994 கெளரீம் பவம் 1935 1995 ப்ராஹ்மீம் யுவம் 1936 1996 மாஹேஸ்வரீம் தாதுவம் 1937 1997 கெளமாரீம் ஈஸ்வரம் 1938 1998 வைஷ்ணவீம் பஹுதாந்யம் 1939 1999 வாராஹீம் ப்ரமாதினம் 1940 2000 மாஹேந்திரீம் விக்ரமம் 1941 2001 சாமுண்டாம் வ்ருஷ்ணம் 1942 2002 ஆரோகம் சித்ரபாநும் 1943 2003 ப்ராஜம் சுபாநும் 1944 2004 படரம் தாரணம் 1945 2005 பதங்கம் பார்திவம் 1946 2006 ஸ்வர்ணரம் வ்யயம் 1947 2007 ஜ்யோதிஷிமந்தம் ஸர்வஜித் 1948 2008 விபாஸம் ஸர்வதாரி 1949 2009 கஸ்யபம் விரோதிம் 1950 2010 ரவிம் விக்ருதிம் 1951 2011 ஸூர்யம் கரம் 1952 2012 பாநும் நந்தனம் 1953 2013 ககம் விஜயம் 1954 2014 பூஷ்ணம் ஜயம் 1955 2015 ஹிரண்யகர்பம் மன்மதம் 1956 2016 மரீசிம் துர்முகம் 1957 2017 ஆதித்யம் ஹேவிலம்பீம் 1958 2018 ஸவிதாரம் விளம்பிம் 1959 2019 அர்கம் விகாரிம் 1960 2020 பாஸ்கரம் சார்வரீம் 1961 2021 அக்னிம் ப்லவம் 1962 2022 ஜாதவேதஸம் ஷுபக்ருதம் 1963 2023 ஸஹோஜஸம் ஷோபக்ருதம் 1964 2024 அஜிராப்ரபவம் க்ரோதிநம் 1965 2025 வைஷ்வாநரம் விஸ்வாவஸும் 1966 2026 நர்யாபஸம் பராபவம் 1967 2027 பங்க்த்திராதஸம் ப்லவங்கம் 1968 2028 விஸர்பினம் கீலகம் 1969 2029 மத்ஸ்யம் ஸெளம்யம் 1970 2030 கூர்மம் ஸாதாரணம் 1971 2031 வராஹம் விரோதிக்ருதம் 1972 2032 ந்ருஸிம்ஹம் பரிதாபிநம் 1973 2033 வாமநம் ப்ரமாதீசம் 1974 2034 பரஸுராமம் ஆனந்தம் 1975 2035 ராமம் ராக்ஷஸம் 1976 2036 பலராமம் நளம் 1977 2037 க்ருஷ்ணம் பிங்களன் 1978 2038 கல்கிநம் காளயுக்திம் 1979 2039 புத்தம் ஸித்தார்திம் 1980 2040 துர்காம் ரெளத்ரீம் 1981 2041 யாதுதாநம் துர்மதிம் 1982 2042 பைரவம் துந்துபிம் 1983 2043 ஹநூமந்தம் ருதிரோத்காரிம் 1984 2044 ஸரஸ்வதீம் ரக்தாக்ஷிம் 1985 2045 தாக்க்ஷாயனீம் க்ரோதனம் 1986 2046 லக்ஷ்மீம் அக்ஷயம்

Julian date or Julian day No.

Why leap year?

On any system, all values will be in fractions to many decimal places. So, new years day will be starting middle of day. For example in India, Tamil New Year (sidereal year) will be on 14 April 2023 Friday 15:10 pm IST (15:10.367342). Date/time will also change from place to place.

It is not prectical to change new year this way. We can not change airline, railway and bus ticket on middle of the day, corrected to micro or nano seconds. If bank has to issue interest based on this, there will be enough confusion. So, fraction has to be rounded off. After every 4 years, 365 becomes 366 (which is called leap year). Thanks to experts/mathematicians who have developed a simple rounding off algorithm and making our life easy. Gregarian calendar has documented this by implementing a smart formula. Similar correction is also used in Shaka calendar, which is Solar tropical calendar, like Gregarian. 22 Mar 2023 Wed is Saka New year: 1945 Date 1 - Month Chaitra
*As 0.24219878 day is less than 1/4, extra leap day addded to only those century years exactly divisible by 400 and not exactly divisible by 4,000.

Luni-solar: extra lunar month

Overview of Calendars

Variety of calendars have been and continue to be used in the Indian subcontinent. Saka calendar (22-3-78 AD) was initiated by Shalivahana or Satavahana king Gautamiputra Satakarni. Shaka Samvat is based on solar months and solar tropical years. The first indication of a relationship between King Shalivahana and the Saka era was authenticated by the Kannada work Udbhatakavya by Somaraja. The Saka calendar is used also by the Indonesian Hindus in Bali and Java. Some use Kali Yuga as reference, which began on 18 February 3102 BCE (Surya Siddhanta?) or a rare planetary alignment on 7 February 3104 BCE (JDNo 587696).

The Vikram Samvat is named after the king Vikramaditya and also known as Krita and Malava calendar. It starts at 57 B.C. (24-4-57BC purnima) This is a calendar based on the movement of the moon and has 354 days in a year. It uses the lunar months and solar sidereal years for the division of a year. An extra month called adhik maas appears, roughly once every three years (or 7 times in a 19-year cycle). The Vikram Samvat has 12 months with each month divided into two phases: Shukla paksha – new moon to full moon and Krishna paksha – full moon to new moon. The lunisolar Vikram Samvat calendar is 56.7 years (20,709 days) ahead of the solar Gregorian calendar.

The great Iranian mathematician and poet Omar Khayyam, proposed solar calendar, based on one from the Persian Achaemenian period in the 6th century BC. The year was computed from the March equinox (Nowruz), and each month was determined by the transit of the sun into the corresponding zodiac region, similar to Indian system of the Surya Siddhanta (Surya=solar, Siddhanta=analysis). Eight leap days in every cycle of 33 years, makes 365.2424242424242424 days per year. The Iranian Solar calendar produces a five-year leap year interval after about every seven four-year leap year intervals.

Gregorian year 2020 CE corresponds, respectively with:
1.Year 5121 Kaliyuga calendar;
2.Year 2564 Buddha Nirvana calendar;
3.Year 2563 Buddhist Era (BE) of the Thai solar calendar
4.Year 2077 Bikram Samvat calendar;
5.Year 1942 Saka or Shalivahana Sakabda (78AD);
6.Year 1941 Vedanga Jyotisa calendar;
7.Year 1427 Bengali calendar;
8.Year 534 Gaurabda Gaudiya calendar;
9.Year 1196 Malayalam calendar or Kolla Varsham calendar.

Click to kanow today in many calendar system What day is today in many calendar system

Actual and Appearnce of Grahas

There are different methods and definition, on calculating the dates and times. So, one can follow what he/she likes or comfortable with. Apparent position, size and shape are also optical illusions.

Equinox and Solstice

The solstices mark the times during the year when the Earth is at its most extreme tilt toward or away from the sun. During the June solstice, the upper half of the earth is tilted in toward the sun, creating the longest day and shortest night of the year, for the Northern Hemisphere and the shortest day and longest night for the Southern Hemisphere. Similarly During the December solstice, the the lower half of the earth is tilted in toward the sun. December solstice is Uttarayan or கதிர் வடதிருப்பம். June solstice is Dakshinayan கதிர் தென்திருப்பம்.

Astronomical seasons depend on how the Earth moves around the sun. Equinoxes mark the start of spring and autumn. Solstices kick off summer and winter.

Some key constants used

• January 1, 4713 BCE Noon is Julian 0
• Sun (or earth around sun) moves 0.985608372105459 deg/day 59.1365023263275 min/day
• The mean tropical year 365.24219878 days, is defined as the period of time for the mean ecliptic longitude of the Sun to increase by 360 degrees. Since the Sun's ecliptic longitude is measured with respect to the equinox, the tropical year comprises a complete cycle of the seasons.
• The mean sidereal year is the time taken for the Earth to complete one revolution of its orbit, as measured against a fixed frame of reference (such as the fixed stars). Its average duration is 365.256363004 days at the epoch J2000.0 = January 1, 2000, 12:00:00 TT). Because of the Earth's axial precession, this year is about 20 minutes longer than the tropical year 365.24219.
• The mean anomalistic year is the time taken for the Earth to complete one revolution with respect to its apsides. The orbit of the Earth is elliptical; the extreme points, called apsides, are the perihelion, where the Earth is closest to the Sun at 147,091,144 km on 5 January 2020 at 07:48 UT at 260.27528 from star aswin. The aphelion, where the Earth is farthest at 152,095,297 km on 4 July 2020 at 11:35 UT. The mean anomalistic year is 365.259636 days
• Moon around earth 13.1763585909097 deg/day 790.581515454582 min/day
• 1 lunar month = 29.5305861853113 days
• 1 star or sidereal month = 27.3216608 days (Time for one orbit of the Earth = 27.32166 days)
• 1 Anomalistic month 27.5545486 days (time between perigees and precesses in 3232.6054 days or 8.850578 years). The minimum and maximum extremes in orbital eccentricity are 0.0255 to 0.0775 and the extremes in the length of the anomalistic month are 24.629 days to 28.565 days. Moon was closer at 365,963 km on 13 Jan 2020 at 20:22 pm UT. Farther at 404,578 km on 2 Jan 2020 at 1:31 am UT.
• 1 Draconic month 27.212221 days (with respect to the ascending node and precesses in 6793.4765 days or 18.5996 years)
• One light-year is about 9.461 trillion km.

Nakshatras system:

History

Mesopotamians and early vedics celebrated around the time of the vernal equinox, March 23 (Current Hindu Saka calendar). Saka era or Shalivahana Sakabda is the vernal equinox of the year AD 78. Later many Indian systems shifted new year from solstice to March Equinox, during the time of Bhadra, Indian astronomer.

Hindu calendar is a collective name for most of the luni-sidereal calendars and Shalivahana calendar in the Deccan States of Karnataka, Telangana, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh

Buddhist Era starts on 543 or 544 BC, replaced by Vikrama Samvat calendar which began in 56 BC. Astronomical calculations are based on Kaliyuga start alignment on 3102 BC (by Aryabhatta). There are other eras such as: Vedanga Jyotisa; Gaurabda Gaudiya; and Kolla Varsham.

Timings for Auckland

Vashistha, Surya siddhanta, Bhaskaracharya, and Tithi Chinatamani all says one thing. Wherever you are, according to the time of that place, take the panchang as seen by drika ganitha as per that place. The drik ganita, means calculations corresponding to observable reality. Based on mathematical equations and observations. So, panchang is like sky map locating stars and planets and you can not use one city map to navigate in another city.

Rahukaalam or the period of Rahu is a certain amount of time every day that is considered inauspicious for any new venture, as per south Indian astrology (belief). 1/8th part of each day is termed as the Rahu Kalam(The period of the north node).

Approximate average time each month in Auckland

Tamil Yogam

Metonic cycle

Galactic center

Ancient Tamil Names

Other prominent stars
1) *Ursa Major or Saptharishi - எழுமீன்
2) *Northern star, Alcor - சாலினி – அருந்ததி
3) *Meteor - விசும்பு வீழ் கொள்ளி
4) * Comet - மைம்மீன், தூமம்

Grahas:
1) Planet or heavenly bodies: கோள் – கிரகம்
2) Earth, world: வையகம், ஞாலம், உலகம்
3) Sun: சுடர் – கதிரவன், ஞாயிறு, திகிரி, பகலோன், பருதி
4) Moon: திங்கள், நிலா, மதி
5) Mars: படிமகன், செவ்வாய்
6) Mercury: புந்தி – புதன்
7) Jupiter: வியாழன், அந்தணன்
8) Venus: வெண்மீன் – வெள்ளி, வைகல் மீன் – காலை விண்மீன்
9) Saturn: சனி, மைம்மீன்
10) Rahu and Ketu: பாம்பு

Rasi or Zodiac or month:
1) மேஷம் : சித்திரை, மேழம், வருடை
2) ரிஷபம் : வைகாசி, விடை, ஏற்றியல்
3) மிதுனம்: ஆனி, ஆடவை
4) கடகம்: ஆடி
5) சிம்மம்: ஆவணி, மடங்கல்
6) கன்னி: புரட்டாசி, கன்னி
7) துலாம்: ஐப்பசி, துலை
8) விருச்சிகம்: கார்த்திகை, நளி
9) தனுசு: மார்கழி, சிலை
10) மகரம்: தை, சுறவம்
11) கும்பம்: மாசி்
12) மீனம்: பங்குனி, வருடை

Year names:
1) பிரபவ: நற்றோன்றல்
2) விபவ: உயர்தோன்றல்
3) சுக்ல: வெள்ளொளி
4) பிரமோதூத: பேருவகை
5) பிரசோற்பத்தி: மக்கட்செல்வம்
6) ஆங்கீரச: அயல்முனி
7) ஸ்ரீமுக: திருமுகம்
8) பவ: தோற்றம்
9) யுவ: இளமை
10) தாது: மாழை
11) ஈஸ்வர: ஈச்சுரம்
12) வெகுதானிய: கூலவளம்
13) பிரமாதி: முன்மை
14) விக்கிரம: நேர்நிரல்
15) விஷு: விளைபயன்
16) சித்திரபானு: ஓவியக்கதிர்
17) சுபானு: நற்கதிர்
18) தாரண: தாங்கெழில்
19) பார்த்திப: நிலவரையன்
20) விய: விரிமாண்பு
21) சர்வசித்து: முற்றறிவுயாவுந்திறல்
22) சர்வதாரி: முழுநிறைவு
23) விரோதி: தீர்பகை
24) விக்ருதி: வளமாற்றம்
25) கர: செய்நேர்த்தி
26) நந்தன: நற்குழவி
27) விஜய: உயர்வாகை
28) ஜய: வாகை
29) மன்மத: காதன்மை
30) துன்முகி: வெம்முகம்
31) ஹேவிளம்பி: பொற்றடை
32) விளம்பி: அட்டி
33) விகாரி: எழில்மாறல்
34) சார்வரி: வீறியெழல்
35) பிலவ: கீழறை
36) சுபகிருது: நற்செய்கை
37) சோபகிருது: மங்கலம்
38) குரோதி: பகைக்கேடு
39) விசுவாசுவ: உலகநிறைவு
40) பரபாவ: அருட்டோற்றம்
41) பிலவங்க: நச்சுப்புழை
42) கீலக: பிணைவிரகு
43) சௌமிய: அழகு
44) சாதாரண: பொதுநிலை
45) விரோதகிருது: இகல்வீறு
46) பரிதாபி: கழிவிரக்கம்
47) பிரமாதீச: நற்றலைமை
48) ஆனந்த: பெருமகிழ்ச்சி
49) ராட்சச: பெருமறம்
50) நள: தாமரை
51) பிங்கள: பொன்மை
52) காளயுக்தி: கருமைவீச்சு
53) சித்தார்த்தி: முன்னியமுடிதல்
54) ரௌத்திரி: அழலி
55) துன்மதி: கொடுமதி
56) துந்துபி: பேரிகை
57) ருத்ரோத்காரி: ஒடுங்கி
58) ரக்தாட்சி: செம்மை
59) குரோதன: எதிரேற்றம்
60) அட்சய: வளங்கலன்